Middle School Book Report Format

Middle School Book Report Format Thesis idea: This book is unique – Do not use the word â€Å"unique† anywhere in the report. Use your thesaurus to find a better word! Paragraph Order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Setting Characters Plot Plot Resolution Conclusion Paragraph Description: I. The introduction contains the thesis idea. II. The setting describes the time period and location. III. The section on characters mentions minor groups of characters but names and describes the major ones. IV. The plot explains what the major character attempts to do: o discover to overcome to adapt to become to mature to solve to learn to conquer to find V. The plot resolution – How are the final problems solved? How does everything work out? What is the final attitude of the main character(s)? VI. The conclusion – an evaluation of the book as a literary work. What was the author’s purpose? Does the book teach a lesson or a moral? Are the characters role models ? Why is it recommended? Introduction: Sentence Order Example 1. Arouse the reader’s interest with an attention grabbing question.How would you feel if a tornado suddenly lifted you away to a new land? 2. Name the character(s) in such a situation. Name the book title and author. Such an adventure happened to Dorothy in the book, The Wizard of Oz, by Frank Baum. 3. Present the thesis sentence: why the book is unique: Although there have been similar books, this book is unique because who? does what? and where? Although there have been other children’s adventure stories, this one is unique because Dorothy helps the Tin Man, Scarecrow, and Lion find the qualities they seek while raveling with her in the land of Oz. Topic Sentence Suggestions: Setting One reason this book is appealing is setting. Characters Another reason this book is different is its characters OR is that its characters are all†¦. (brief description). Plot In addition to the setting and characters, t he plot adds (or the problems add) to the distinctiveness of the book. Plot Resolution The way in which the problem(s) is solved is totally unexpected. Conclusion For these reasons, this book is appealing OR therefore, for these reasons, this book is recommended.

Legalizing Prostitution Essay

Your Grade: 90.4 A- Informative introduction to the topic, a controversial issue (worth 15%)87 ~political or historical context ~facts or statistics ~examples or anecdotes ~quotations from authorities and experts Informative introduction to two sources (web pages, articles, editorials, or essays) and their opposing positions on the issue (worth 20%)90 ~two authors’ names ~their professional affiliations or credentials ~titles of the two sources ~publication information ~each author’s thesis Analytical and constructive analysis of the opposing positions (worth 40%)88 ~points of disagreement (values, moral principles, ideology, needs and interests, fears and concerns, priorities or agendas) ~points of agreement (over same, values etc.) ~suggestions for developing the conversation, building common ground, possibly striking a compromise Fair and impartial presentation (worth 10%)100 ~represent each side fairly and accurately ~be clear your purpose is to highlight and foster common ground ~don’t judge either of the opposing positions ~give equal attention to both Readable structure (worth 10%)95 ~thesis and forecasting statement/s (saying that in the face of disagreement common ground exists) ~topic sentences for paragraphs ~consistent labels for the opposing positions (e.g. authors’ last names) ~transitional words or phrases Sentence-level issues (worth 5%)93 ~following the guidelines on style, syntax, and punctuation that I’ve covered in PP presentations Rulx Muller Malbranche Nathanael Tagg 06/03/2013 Eng. 101 Legalizing Prostitution Considered as the world’s oldest job, prostitution has hunted society for ages. In some culture, it is seen as taboo, while in the United States the debate of legalizing it is prevailing. As a fact, prostitution cannot be put aside, something have to be done about it. Therefore, people from different background want to convey their point of view by any means possible. Some individuals come to say that prostitution should be legalized because it is a consensus between two people, and therefore, it should be respected. While others advance the principle of ethics, values and morals. In any case, this debate is in course, and prostitution on the other hand is still practiced, legalized or not. In 2012, an article appeared in the New York Times magazine called â€Å"Legality brings protection and better care†. Chika Unigwe, PhD; the Nigerian-born author gives some of the reasons why prostitution should no longer be without law controls. She argues that where prostitution is illegal, women are more at risk of being violated by their customers, because they are by themselves; without help from any other. Cecilia Hoffman, Secretary of the Coalition against Trafficking in Women, wrote in 1997 a paper, â€Å"Sex: From Human Intimacy to Sexual Labor†. In this text she asserts that â€Å"prostitution  violate the right to physical and moral integrity† and also â€Å"the right to liberty and security†; therefore, it should not be legalized. Admittedly, Unigwe and Hoffman seem to be on different sides of the question. However, both share a common ambition, which is to protect women in general. Unigue states that, â€Å"criminalizing prostitution does not irradiate it†¦, it gives the customers in unfair advantage†. (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). From her point of view, the fact that we associate prostitution with crime and violence does not eliminate its existence. It reinforces the customers to take profit of the situation, knowing that it is a dirty game; therefore they should also play dirty. For Unigwe, legalizing prostitution will give women better advantages in this practice. Whereas Hoffman, who does not consider the advantages that would bring such legalization. She focuses instead in the consequences of prostitution in real life. She declares that â€Å"Prostitution violates the prohibition of slavery , of force labor and trafficking in person†(catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d).It is clear that for Hoffman prostitution have too much negative effects on women, that should not lead to its legalization. Unigwe continues to emphasize the benefits of legalizing this old practice by asserting that it would give support to women who need help in the business. â€Å"Pimp have these illegal prostitutes in their power because the women can find no resource to help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). According to her, the fact that women are suffering in this practice is undeniable, thus, their need for help is prevailing. The legality of prostitution, for the author, will protect the right for women to be safer in their practice, to have the laws and regulations as their backup in any case of attack or violation. On the other hand, Hoffman does not comply with this point of view; she belittles the practice of prostitution in itself. Conforming to her view point, prostitution is a set of violations of human’s right. â€Å"It violates the right to enjoy the highest standard of physical and mental health† (catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d). She implies the violence, diseases, unwanted pregnancies, and unsafe abortion, all part of the common problems encountered in prostitution. For this reason, legalizing this practice also means legalizing diseases, unsafe abortion and so forth, something that Hoffman would totally disagree upon. Besides Hoffman ideas, there are other points to denote. Unigwe would say that the rate of disease is high among the prostitutes because many of them do not have easy access to health care as the legal workers. â€Å" even though some charity organization provide health care for illegal sex workers, many of them are reluctant and fear to accept the help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). The fact for these prostitutes to be illegal, cause them to resort to stay in darkness in order to survive. According to Unigwe, there is a way to decrease the rate of diseases between the prostitutes, which is by making prostitution legal. Subsequently, they will have better access to health care; there will be no fear among them of being marginalized. Both Unigwe and Hoffman are aware of the consequences or effects of prostitution on women in particular. This shared value- women right prevails- constitute a common ground between the two sides. Both have a common preoccupation, but they have different ways of expressing it. Nevertheless, this common ground does not lead them to the same conclusion. Hoffman is totally against the legality of prostitution, considering it as a humiliation or degradation of women values, reducing them to â€Å"simple commodity† to be â€Å"bought and sold†. She stands against prostitution as a practice, and considers it as an aberration that need to be eradicated in our society; if possible. However, Unigwe is more open minded on the subject, while being against the problems encountered by the prostitutes. In contrast with Hoffman, she proposes the benefits related to such legality, both for the women and for society. She advances that:â€Å"women who work legally have better access to health care, protection against violent customers and protection against exploitation†( Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). She also believes that society gains money from such legality, precisely through income tax revenues. In her point of view, this is a good approach to face the blatant phenomenon of prostitution. As two sociological active people, Hoffman and Unigwe are obviously emphasizing the need for women to be treated fairly well. Hoffman believes  that the female gender would be more protected and considered if prostitution’s rate was decreasing; thus legalizing it is out of her list. Whereas Unigwe, who consider the fact that there is actually prostitutes who are suffering in order to survive. Based on this, she thinks of the legality of prostitution as a way to help them in their cause. Although Hoffman and Unigwe view prostitution on different angles, they shared a key value that can probably lead them to a consensus in the future. Work cited Chika Unigwe, Legality Brings Protection and Better Care, The New York Time website, april 19, 2012. Cecilia Hoffman, â€Å" Sex: From human intimacy to sexual labor†, CATW-AP website, n.d.

Arab Sprig Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab Sprig - Essay Example One scenario was a successful revolt to a more democratic government, made with less wasted resources. Tunisia perhaps, was the only example of ‘a success story’ from all countries involved in ‘Arab spring’ (Botelho). Historically, Tunisia was also a country where ‘Arab spring’ ideas have started spread from when a 26-year-old Tunisian, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself on fire protesting against youth unemployment and generally, against a corrupt regime responsible for low level of life in Tunisia (BBC). A revolt succeeded in a form of ‘mostly nonviolent removal’ of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, bringing country to desirable elections in 2011. Totten says that despite the Islamist party Ennahda won this race, a majority of Tunisians were already voting in democratic way, demonstrating their preference to a variety of other parties (Totten 2). Thus, finally Tunisians overthrown a religious Ennahda too, and never again returning to a one party dictatorship, adopted a liberal constitution. Egyptian case when overthrowing President Hosni Mubarak’s nearly 30 years long dictatorship was similar to a Tunisian one. ‘Egyptian activists got their inspiration from Tunisia’, –believes Botelho (Botelho). The resistance was more brutal comparing to Tunisian civil protesting, but finally, Egypt was voting in free President Elections 2011. Similar to Tunisian scenario, firstly choosing the Islamists leader Mohamed Morsi, Egyptians overthrown Morsi in 2013 due to a military support of Egyptian General el-Sisi. However, Egyptian case outcome differs from Tunisian liberation. Totten is skeptical on Egyptian new governmental actions, and points on acts of repressions: ‘Sisi’s regime reeks of Stalinism these days’ (Totten 3). Conversely, ‘Arab spring’ has been a very dramatic and costly enterprise for Libya and Syria, countries drugged into a brutal civil war nowadays. Totten points that because

Technology Plan and Effective Online Communication Skills Research Paper

Technology Plan and Effective Online Communication Skills - Research Paper Example First, E-mail etiquette makes it possible for an individual to display professionalism in his/her communication (Miller, 20). This is essential because different types of audience call for different forms of communication. While an individual can use informal language to communicate to their friends and relatives, they are required to communicate in a formal manner to companies and other formal institutions. Therefore, E-mail etiquette helps to enhance professionalism. Secondly, E-mail etiquette goes a long way in enhancing the efficiency of communication. Since E-mail etiquette advocates for proper wording of email messages, it makes it easier for the recipients to interpret and understand the messages than poorly formulated and worded messages (Miller, 33). Finally, E-mail etiquette is essential to help an individual avoid liability. considering that email communication is considered a form of communication just like any other in the eyes of the law, E-mail etiquette helps an indiv idual avoid legal liability, through avoiding making mistakes that warrant legal redress (Miller, 21). Internet technology has made it possible for people to communicate easily, as opposed to the traditional channels of communication which were inefficient and took long. However, it is necessary to apply E-mail etiquette while using email to communicate. The guidelines for enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of email communication include being concise. Composing a long and much detailed email is not favored by many, unless it is mandatory. Therefore, it is important to compose a direct and straight to the point email, which enables the recipient understand the intention of the communication within a short time (Miller, 18). Being concise also helps to make the message fully understandable and improves the chances of getting a prompt response. When an email is composed long and with unnecessary details, it may put off the recipient, making the recipient postpone reading it until he/she gets more time for that. This would delay getting a response (Miller, 38). Another benefit of keeping the message concise is that it eliminates chances of making unnecessary mistakes by the sender. Therefore, constructing a concise email message is convenient both for the sender and the recipient. Another key to E-mail etiquette is proper arrangement of information communicated in the message. The sender should ensure that he/she organizes the information communicated, such that it starts with the most important to the least important (Miller, 46). This makes it possible for the recipient’s attention to be drawn to the most important information first, which prompts him/her to react to the email. Another essential element of E-mail etiquette is numbering questions and putting points in bullet form. This is necessary to ensure that the recipient of the message pays attention to all the vital components of the message (Miller, 25). By numbering all the questions and putt ing the main points in bullets, the email is broken down to standard protocols, which makes it possible for the recipient to understand the whole message. Additionally, breakings down the message into such protocols make it possible for the recipient to address all the parts of the message in the response. While a message is not organized in points and the questions not numbered, the recipient may only

Designing Brand Strategy for a Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

Designing Brand Strategy for a Company - Essay Example Also, two companies may perceive the same risks in a country but still choose different strategies because of their firms differing tolerances of risk. More specifically, the different market-entry strategies can be encapsulated as follows: Export/Import—The easiest and most common entry strategy, exporting also exposes a company to the lowest financial risk. An existing product is merely shipped to a foreign country. This strategy is very compatible with the domestic market extension outlook in international marketing. Licensing—Another relatively low-risk approach to a new market, licensing involves granting the rights and methods for production to a host country firm in return for a royalty fee. Advantages include low capital requirements and circumvention of import restrictions or foreign ownership limitations. Its advantage of lower risk is countered by lower returns. Joint Venture—A joint venture involves two companies that form a partnership under a new corporate name. Joint venturing is a low-risk market-entry strategy, which is popular among successful, large, internationally oriented businesses seeking to expand their own maturing home markets, or seeking new sources of raw materials. Notable are the strategic advantages of reducing both political and economic risks by combining the host country firms localized knowledge, skills, and systems with the foreign company's capital and technology. It also allows a foreign firm to operate in a market otherwise inaccessible due to trade barriers or hostility towards outsiders. Franchising—A form of licensing, franchising combines the franchisee's local knowledge, capital, and entrepreneurial energy with the franchisors standard bundle of products, management expertise, and support systems. It is a fast-growing approach to market entry. Advantages are the low capital investment required and the speed of entry. Manufacturing/Wholly-Owned Subsidiary—The highest-risk strategy with the highest potential return is investing capital to set up manufacturing or other operations in a foreign country.  Ã‚  

Americas Rationality (view) for Electing Obama as President Essay

Americas Rationality (view) for Electing Obama as President - Essay Example Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of United States in November 2008, by defeating the Republican John McCain. Barack Obama is regarded as the first black President. During the election campaign he was the most well-liked personality in America. There are many reasons behind his popularity and definitely Americans have shown their rationality in electing him as the President of the only superpower in the world. According to the exit polls, Obama’s share of National Popularity vote was 52% against his counterpart John McCain whose was 46%. In the history of US politics it was the first time since Jimmy Carter’s victory in 1976 where the Democrat Party won straight majority. Let’s discuss the different causes which brought Obama on the peak of popularity It is a long journey of victory of Obama. He declared his candidacy for the President of the United States of America on February 10, 2007.And throughout the entire campaign he was focusing on the major burning issues such as Iraq war, Energy independence, and the provision of universal health care, financial crises, any many others The American people are quite rational in selecting their president. Barack Obama became popular due to his service which was based around his resolute belief in the capacity to bring people together around a politics of purpose. Obama was elected to the state senate in 1996 and served the three terms. He especially supported the working families by cutting their taxes and he expanded health care program for children and their parents.

Women in Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women in Leadership - Article Example Use of softer words has been a source of more trouble to women leaders; this tends to show the audience the level of seriousness and confidence the leader upholds. The nervousness in their talking greatly affects their leadership as they talk mainly about a group of people they show signs of panic. The signs can be captured by the audience and be used to criticize her personality as a leader. Choice of words weaken the women leaders statements, women tend to use words they believe are more humble to create a conducive environment but in turn makes them sound less of leaders. When Margaret Thatcher spoke in an interview conducted by BBC, she sounded uncomfortable in her role as a leader she said, â€Å"Ive been so busy that I havent had really much time to think about it. After all, I know I am still only me, and so do my family. However, I am very much aware of the responsibilities. In addition, a little bit apprehensive. Who wouldnt be, when you think of the names that I follow?" (Humphrey, 2015, p.1). With time Margaret Thatcher, the iron woman had to learn choice of words, which made her an inspiring leader. The class material Women in leadership is related to our article speaking habits that weaken women. For deliberation of leadesrhip, a woman must learn best ways to speak and put across relevant ideas with confidence. A good leader always depicts confidence and courage. Speaking must not derail a woman’s leadership at any cost. Women in leadership must learn to use words that will not demean their authority. The speaking habits that weaken women leadership was discussed in class. This was during a class on women in leadership. I chose this article since women leaders must be motivated to be as good as the male counterparts. Speaking habits must not be the main reason to undermine women leaders in our society. We must encourage our women leaders to learn the best ways and tactics to handle situations by just speaking. They must learn how to

2 Papers for Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2 Papers for Political Science - Essay Example (MSNBC, 2005). This was so done on a two cent piece. It was however, not until almost a century later that the words â€Å"In God We Trust† appeared on U.S. currency as they do today, â€Å"In 1955, the year after Congress inserted the words â€Å"under God† in the Pledge of Allegiance, Congress required all currency to carry the motto â€Å"In God We Trust.†(MSNBC, 2005). Separation of church and state has been a truly difficult feat from the issue of same sex marriage to the inclusion of references to god in the pledge of allegiance both in schools and during public events. The imposition felt by many is not so different from the early settlers who were puritanical in nature and imposed a rigid set of moral and religious codes for everyone, including the Native Americans who were imposed on by them, to follow. This even led to the fateful Salem witch trials when women who were thought to be witches were On the other hand, this congressional action of implementing the phrase â€Å"In God We Trust† on our currency, was done on the basis of the very principles upon which this country was founded. Although times have changed, making religion or belief in God, less and less of an openly discussed topic; the reversal of basic principles which are meant to remind every American where they came from and how this country was founded, is nothing shy of deconstructive. The pledge of allegiance which includes the phrase â€Å"one nation, under God† has become an oath which all Americans have taken at one time or another, and though America is a cultural melting pot, we are all united under fundamental ideas of freedom, liberty and unity ‘under God’. By dissecting the very basis of this ideology which we have all grown up embracing, we dissolve not only a tradition but a sense of basic accountability to stand together as a Nation under ‘God’,

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Personal statement - Essay Example The future belongs to mobile devices and wireless network technologies, the earlier we equip ourselves for future, the better. My experience so far has taught me that everything is interconnected; there is no more the time of specialization. What I mean from this argument is that Steve Jobs studied calligraphy when he had no idea that he would be using his calligraphy in programming languages, there was something about the mathematics and the geometry of it that helped Jobs incorporate it in his computer topology and he admits that without that necessary knowledge he would not have been able to write operating systems in his own company NeXT. I have always been curious about how to relate operating systems (the software) with the hardware, there is something that captivates me how the software, an intangible thing, can run a hardware, much like the soul operating the human body. Learning should be easy when taught in a meaningful and productive way, plus when there are aspirations and expectations after the study program that one will be able to pursue his or her life passion without worrying about finances; this is nothing short of a blessing. I want to build a career in Networking and want to become a part of a well-known tech company like Google, Apple or Xbox. And for that I need my subjects carefully added to my curriculum vita so that my portfolio becomes hard to ignore for these companies. I have chosen this subject because at Birmingham City University, embedded systems and well equipped laboratories are used to create real-time systems, this includes specialist hardware training. It is required that development software and programmes should be updated, because each day the tech industry is becoming more and more competitive. Industry-standard software development and simulation tools are necessary for this type of knowledge, old programming knowledge is no good and when one desires a job in popular software companies then one needs to be on top

Financial Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Market - Essay Example The value of the Euro to the dollar has shown the success in gaining value over the US dollar. In January 2009 the exchange rate was 1Euro/USD 1.3866, in January 2010; the rate changed to 1Euro/USD 1.4389. This upward trend shows that the Euro is getting stronger in the forex market as compared to the US dollar. In 2012, the value of exchange dropped to 1Euro/USD 1.2458. Despite this drop, the value of the Euro is still higher than that of the US dollar. The Japanese Yen is the domestic currency used in Japan. The Yen has developed a relative stability and its recent reputation has led to investors opting to use this currency as a secure investment for the dollar. In 2001 the exchange rate was 1$/Yen 121.2, in the year 2005, the Japanese Yen gained against the US dollar in the forex market where the exchange was 1$/Yen110.2. The trend continued where the Yen continued gaining against the US dollar. Even though today’s exchange rate for the Yen to the dollar is still high at 1$/Yen79.8 the Yen has shown its success by increasing its value and minimizing the spread (Euromonitor International). The Canadian dollar is also gaining popularity among the investors across various parts of the world. As part of its success, its increasing use in the forex markets has shown that investors have recognized its stability. This currency has a remarkable use in transactions and enjoys over 4% of all transactions in the foreign exchange market daily. This is remarkable success in the forex market for this currency. For instance, the exchange rate for the Canadian dollar in 2001 was 1$/CAD1.5 while in 2005, the exchange rate changed to 1USD/CAD1.2; while in 2012, the exchange rate is 1USD/CAD1.0. This shows that the Canadian dollar gained strength against the US dollar to exchange thus it can be termed as a success to the Canadian dollar at the expense of the US dollar. The Swedish dollar is the Sweden’s currency. Its transactional use is above

Persuasive Writing Assignment Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Writing Assignment Essay Rebellion is when one refuses to accept authority. The transition of childhood into adulthood is most often represented by actions of rebellious nature. The average teen is always looking for away to escape conformity. Two pieces of work that express a common theme of rebellion and conformity are, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Conspiracy Theory starting Mel Gibson and Julia Roberts. Both pieces express this common theme of rebellious and conformity in a society that simply won’t allow it. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye the main character, Holden Caulfield, goes through many hardships in trying to search for his place in society. Holden rebels throughout the whole book against rules, schools, and people that he encountered. An example of Holden’s external conflict with conformity was on his date with Sally. At the end of their date, Holden shares a dream of running away with her to escape the normalcy in everyday society, â€Å"I have about a hundred and eighty bucks in the bank. I can take it out when it opens in the morning, and then I could go down and get this guys car. No kidding. Well stay in these cabin camps and stuff like that till the dough runs out,† (Page 132). How the movie Conspiracy Theory is related to The Catcher in the Rye, is that the movie’s main character Jerry Fletcher is a New York City Taxi driver who is always telling people that a list events trigged in the world are done by Government conspiracies but he never seems to get anywhere with his theories. However one of the conspiracies comes true and the CIA is trying to shut Jerry up before he does anymore damage. Now the reason why these two are connected is because, in both cases each character are trying to achieve being different and don’t want to be tied down by what other people tell them to do. In Jerry’s case he is trying to tell the truth about these theories to the general public and try to raise awareness about it before it’s too late. In Holden’s case, he feels that he needs to escape this sort of normalcy that exists in his society. The example of running away and living in the country has everything to do with conformity. The external conflict that both characters face have to do with making sure they don’t fall into the trap that society has set out of them and to try and achieve the impossible in a impossible world. Both Jerry and Holden always fee that they are being alienated in society and both are trying to find a purpose in life.

The Tourism Industry In Spain

The Tourism Industry In Spain Spain developed its tourism during the last years of dictators Franco governance, when the country became a popular place for summer holidays, especially for tourists from Northern Europe (UK, France, Germany and Scandinavia). It is said that mass tourism started that time because Francos government needed money and dedided to open up its coasts for tourism. . At that time, Mallorca, Costa del Sol and all multi-storey buildings on the coast were built. Murcia and Almeria were not built because there did not have a good network. This was what protected them. However, in the minds of the locals this was the cause of their poverty (Barke et al. 1996:120). Since then, Spain has become the second the most visited country in the world (the first one is France). 60 million foreign tourists arrived in Spain in 2007, according to the data provided by the World Tourism Organization (2007), that its offices are in Madrid. The cost of tourism in Spain is over $ 46 billion per year, the highest tourism expenditure worldwide except for U.S. that has tourism expenditure of $ 74 billion (Sinclair et al. 2008:75). Summer resorts and beaches This form of tourism was the first that was developed in Spain, and today is the one that has received more income grants and subsidies form the state economy. The nice and warm climate during the whole year and the long beaches on the Mediterranean and South Atlantic, as well as Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands have been visited by tourists from northern Europe for decades. These summer resorts are popular among Spaniards as well. The Spanish coasts that suitable for summer holidays include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Costa Dorada, Costa Brava and del Maresme, located in Catalonia, which are very popular for local and French tourists, including the popular resorts like Salou and the city of Barcelona which is also the largest port in Spain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Costa del Azahar, whose main city is Valencia and Costa Blanca, (one of the most developed Spanish coastal regions, extremely popular for tourists from Great Britain and Germany, having Benidorm as the main summer city of Spain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Costa Calida. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The side de Almerà ­a, the tropical side, Costa del Sol and Costa de la Luz, all of them are found in Andalucà ­a. Some of its summer resorts are famous all over the world, like Marbella, a tourist resort for tourists with important spending capacity. Finally, one of the largest Spanish ports, is Malaga (Fsadni and Selwyn 1997:66). The volcanic Canary Islands in the Atlantic, and the Balearic Islands are two famous Spanish archipelagos. Many Spaniards and foreigners visit them because they are very popular. Apart from the summer tourism, there are other forms of tourism such as cultural, sport or fun tourism. Two cities, Barcelona and Valencia (the two largest ports in the Mediterranean side of Spain) are among them. Tourism of the beaches (Beach Tourism) has also contributed to the development of nightlife, as well as to the Spanish excellent food culture. Important from the ecological and natural aspect are many places both coastal and island Theme and water-fun parks like Port Aventura are also popular among the local population and foreigners (Eden 1996:48). Long ago it became known in Europe Senior Tourism program that allows people over 55 to enjoy a holiday social tourism in Spain with low cost. The program subsidizes the EU holiday in the Balearic Islands and Andalusia in periods of low tourist traffic from October 2009 until April 2010. The indicative costs where the agency is about 400 euros for 8 days 4stars at selected hotels with full board, tickets, tours, and more. Tourist Packages in Spain are part of the program Calypso approved by Parliament with a budget of 1 million euros and refers to the promotion of social tourism with the participation of Member States. Cultural and business tourism Spain is a country full of culture and therefore, it is a popular destination for cultural tourism due to its historical importance, including cities like Seville, Granada, Cà ³rdoba and Toledo. UNESCO has declared the following Spanish cities as World Heritage Cities: Alcalà ¡ de Henares, à vila, Cà ¡ceres, Cà ³rdoba, Cuenca, Ibiza, Salamanca, La Laguna SAN Cristà ³bal de, Santiago de Compostela, Segovia, Tarragona and Toledo (Maiztegui-Onate 1996:84). Madrid and Barcelona (two big Spanish metropolis) are famous historical places and are also part of cultural tourism. In addition, there are other important places in Spain with cultural importance are: Coruà ±a and Vigo, in Galicia, Santander Cantabria, Oviedo and Gijà ³n Asturias, Bilbao and San Sebastià ¡n in the Basque country. North Spain has such a green landscape that resembles to the UKs and Ireland landscape and this is why it is Green Spain. They have many important folklore, nature and culinary aspects and they are even suitable for summer vacations despite the fact that the beaches of North Spain are colder than the Mediterranean ones. Spain is also an important place for religion, mainly Judaism and Christianity.The city of Santiago de Compostela Galicia (northwest Spain) are holly places. This city is the third holiest place in the christian world after the Vatican City of Rome and Jerusalem. The fourth holiest place is Camino de Santiago followed by the sanctuary Caravaca de la Cruz in the southeast area. These places attract tourism from all over the world (Robinson 1996:210). The many celebrations and festivals in Spain. A very famous one is the Holy Week in cities like Seville and Carthage. Very popular also is the Seville Exhibition or Feria de Abril in Spanish, the celebrations of Spring (Fiestas de Primavera) which include the famous Entierro de la Sardina (Burial of the sardine) and La Huerta EL Bando de (the area of the orchard) This festival attracts crowds from both inside and outside Spain. There are also the festivals Carthaginians and Romans of Carthage, the festival of San Fermin of Pamplona famous worldwide, the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza etc. The celebrations in small towns are also very popular. Spain has a lot of cultural festivals, including the Carnival all over Spain, but particularly the festivals of the Canary Islands and Cadiz. San Sebastian, Malaga and Sitges have famous film festivals. The Lorca Rock, FIB, Festimad, and Primavera sound are some indicative music festivals. Several cities have hosted international events:Catholic exhibition in 1888 and 1929 in Barcelona, the Olympics of 1992, also in Barcelona, the catholic exhibition of 1992 in Seville, the 2008 world exhibition in Zaragoza and the Americas Cup in Valencia (Selwyn 1997:93). The Europe Senior Tourism program is another tourist attraction source of Spain. This program allows people over 55 to enjoy low cost holidays of social tourism in Spain. It is an EU program that subsidizes vacations in the Balearic Islands and Andalusia in periods of low tourist traffic namely, from October 2009 until April 2010. The indicative cost depending on the tourist agency is about 400 euros for 8 days at selected 4stars hotels with full board, tickets, tours etc. Tourist Packages in Spain are part of the program Calypso which was approved by the European Parliament with a budget of 1 million euros and refers to the promotion of social tourism with the participation of Member States. Tourism in Spain and financial data The sightseeing visits and payments in 2008 (Sinclair et al. 2008:85)are the following: Greece Spain Italy France Turkey Visitors (in millions) 17 57,4 42.7 79.3 25 Revenue ($ billions) 17.1 61.6 41.7 55.6 22 . From the above numbers, it is easily concluded that Spain is a major tourist destination, but it also attracts high-level tourists who spend enough money, since it has the best revenue ratio per visitor among the major European destinations! The tourist development of the country is organized. Some areas are developed for very high level tourism as Marbella. Some areas are selected for mass tourism, as for example Benidorm which is a Spanish Miami with 4 million visitors every year or not Liouret de Mar and Rosas in Costa Brava. In addition, tourism is organized in large hotels, which have lower costs and higher bargaining power with the major tour operators. One example is the Sol Melia which has a revenue of 1.3 billion euros, 35,000 employees at 270 hotels from Brazil to China. Another example is Iberostar with 102 hotels in 15 countries and 1 billion revenue, 23,000 employees and around 70,000 beds. However, if financial data get more analyzed the following will be concluded: Spain in 2008 (Sinclair et al. 2008:94) welcomed 57.4 million visitors, representing 1.8 million fewer than last year, which means a fall of 3.1%. This fact has occurred since 1997, the year when, the statistical monitoring of the tourist industry began. This decline is mainly due to the decrease in arrivals from France and the United Kingdom which are two of the three main countries of foreign tourists in Spain. The ratio of reduced tourist traffic is attributed to a decline in the economies of these two countries. So, after the sectors of construction and industry, there was the turn of the tourism sector to cope with crisis. This sector represents 10.7% of Spanish GDP and employs 13.5% of the workforce of the country. The areas with the highest tourist traffic in 2008 were: Catalonia with 14,193,952 tourists (-6.7%), the Balearic Islands with 10,288,958 tourists (+1.4%), the Canary Islands with 9,363,219 tourists , (-1%), Andalusia with 8,147,688 tourists (-4%), the region of Valencia with 5,655,801 tourists (+0.2%) and Madrid with 4,564,345 tourists (+3.6% ). The tourists in the country in 2008 and the percentage change compared to 2007 is as follows: Table 1 Countries of origin Number of tourists % change compared to 2007 United Kingdom 15.749.000 -3.0 Germany 10.048.939 -0.2 France 8.151.449 -8.5 Scandinavian countries 3.574.398 +3.0 Italy 3.464.241 -5.8 Netherlands 2.502.060 +0.4 Portugal 2.291.146 -3.5 Ireland 1.659.327 +1.5 Belgium 1.626.983 -4.7 Switzerland 1.282.740 -6.7 Rest of Europe 3.262.834 +11.6 USA 1.133.801 -1.5 Rest of America 1.331.449 -6.1 Rest of the world 1.339.499 -12.2 TOTAL 57.417.871 -2.6 Source: Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce Table 2 Year Number of tourists (in millions) % change compared to 2007 1997 39.5 1998 41.8 5.9 1999 45.4 8.5 2000 46.4 2.1 2001 48.5 4.7 2002 50.3 3.6 2003 50.8 1.0 2004 52.4 3.1 2005 55.9 6.6 2006 58.1 4.1 2007 59.1 1.7 2008 57.4 -3.1 Source: Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce Criticism of the Spanish model of tourism The Spanish model has disappointed its original supporters. The promising North European market turns its back to Spain. The temporary economic gains in the housing market and in the construction market of vacation houses have already begun to subside. Unlike the most optimistic forecasts of the real estate lobby, these investments in 2005 showed a decrease of 16.7%. The decrease of 6% in 2004 was interpreted as a slight variation, and not as a big change (Casado Diaz 2006:78). Foreign investments in the real estate sector dropped by 0.9%. The property market in Spain has began to have a negative reputation among potential customers of northern Europe, while international organizations talk about the need to manage a soft landing of the specific market to avoid unpleasant and extended economic consequences. The rampant construction of holiday homes and hotels in coastal areas has begun to generate negative consequences. The freely accessible places on the beaches have been reduced overcrowding and disturbing activities are increasing, the water quality is deteriorating having as an effect the undermining of the overall tourism policy in Spain. The professional organizations of hoteliers call for an immediate discontinuation of coastal areas building programs. Lastly, there is the growing trend for creating golf courses at the new holiday home complexes and the subsequent environmental consequences (Wall 1997:105). Indeed, it is planned an increase in golf areas despite the saturation of these facilities. It is estimated that each year 10 new stadiums are built and in ten years, there will be 500 golf areas (Mc Laren 2002:187). The strengthening of trend of creating new golf areas is based on the fact that golfers spend on average much more money per person. The reaction to this new situation was an attempt to redefine tourism policy (Newton 1996: 150). The fall in profits encouraged the adoption of positions that until recently was criticized inthe tourism industry. The Mediterranean coasts of Spain gather 15,600,000 residents who represent 39% of the total population. The length of its coastline is 7268. and 68% of the population lives in an area of 100 km from the coast, where the corresponding figure for the entire world population is 39%. Urbanization is so widespread that 85% of the population the Mediterranean coast lives in cities with populations over 10,000 inhabitants (Kirkby 1996:240). In general, in recent years, there has been recorded a significant deterioration of the coastal areas of Spain despite the existence of relative specific legislation. The situation in some coastal areas is as follows (Casado Diaz 2001:77): In the region of Catalonia, nearly 50% of one kilometre lane from the coast is built. 59% of the coastline has already been built. It is estimated that 70% of the coast will be built within the next years. Specific parts of the coasts of Mà ¡laga have been built 100% and this trend is spreading to the shores of Granada, Almeria, Kadid and Huelva. 90% of the Andalusian coast faces already problems of environmental degradation. Even natural area parks, such as the Cabo de Gata-Nijar in Almeria, have become an area of housing development programs and projects. The rapid urbanization and population growth of the region of Murcia has led to an increase of population growth in two years (1999 2000) by 15% bringing a significant pressure for further residential development and reduction of free and public spaces. Many coastal regions of Valencia have been built. 33% of the total coastal area shows residential development. Specific areas such as Alicante have been built at a rate exceeding 40% of its coasts. The urban development plans of the region have occasionally been the subject of study and complaints from the European Commission (Bramwell 1996:453). Indeed, the latter has proposed the imposition of a moratorium on the urban development to address the related deficiencies in design and ensure the protection of the environmental conditions of the development process (Casado Diaz et al. 2004:363). Conclusion Spain remains a country of great beauty and high tourist interest. The model, however, of mass tourism that has followed does not seem to be as successful as it was in the past and the country should follow modern tourism practices that will help it remain competitive in the future. A basic prerequisite for a successful redefined tourism strategy should be the concern for the environment and the reduction of residential development (Hunter Jones et al.1997:291).

Illy Ground Coffee Marketing Analysis

Illy Ground Coffee Marketing Analysis Nowadays, Illy can be characterised as one of the leading producers of high quality ground coffee in the coffee manufacturing industry. Illy has entered the coffee sector in 1933 by Francesco Illy, and in 1990s had its most important innovation, which began to look for the best coffee in Brazil, Africa, Central America and Asia (italtrade.com, 2010). It is based in Italy with a workforce around 700 people and operates in a wide range of global network (Datamonitor, 2009). Illy ground coffee can be used in all methods of coffee preparation and especially for espresso machines. The product comes in various forms of medium roast, dark roast and decaffeinated. While medium roast is about a smooth flavour mixed with aromatic bits of caramel and chocolate, dark comes to enrich the flavour with notes of cocoa (illy, 2010a). Similarly to medium roast, decaffeinated contains aromatic flavour of caramel and chocolate with reduced caffeine (illy, 2010a). Within the industry, Illy is known as an innovation pioneer, as it focuses on coffee perfection rather than creating something trendy and seductive. Achieving â‚ ¬280 million with net profits of â‚ ¬8 million, Illy succeeded by attaining 54% of total sales through exportation (illy, 2010b) The country and coffee market attractiveness PEST Analysis Regarding Morisson (2006), PEST analysis can assist the business in building up the best possible knowledge of the external environment in which the company is planning to operate in, so as to avoid costly mistakes. Therefore, an analysis has been carried out and can be viewed in Appendix 1 below. Upon reflection, the most important key environmental influences of PEST analysis have been considered and highlighted below: Economic Events: The recent global recession had directly affected the industry where people buy only essentials products, as their incomes have been decreased (Euromonitor, 2010a). Regulations: Legislations that the law establishes can directly affect the industry. Taxes and business regulations are rather heavy, making it hard to conduct business (Euromonitor, 2010a). Globalisation: Globalisation can be characterised as one of the most powerful factors that have changed the conditions and situations of the world economies, and especially for businesses (BBC, 2010). The reduction of national boundaries and the freedom of companies to transport is also important factor of change. Grounds Coffee Market Analysis McLoughlin and Aaker (2010) suggest that an examination of the market can assist to determine its current and future attractiveness. Even in the negative impact of recession, the Turkish coffee industry has shown a positive growth. Statements show that during the last years, ground coffee had a 5% increase in volume sales with the total of 33.6 TL million which is expected for a further 4% increase until the end of 2014 (Euromonitor, 2010a). With Nestle controlling 61% of the markets share and coffee unit prices increasing in recent years, the market has as consequently shown a positive growth (Euromonitor, 2010b). Considering the distribution channels, the market includes various ways of supply such as restaurants, bars, cafes, stores and so on. Competitive Analysis In order to identify the attractiveness of an industry, Johnson et.al (2008) argues that the five forces framework is a helpful tool for such a process. Thus, a Porters five forces Analysis has been carried out in Appendix 2. From the analysis summary, we can see that even with its growing direction, the coffee industry can be defined as an industry where brand loyalty is of major importance to the existence of a business. A strong emphasis is required in order to achieve good customer relationships and market share over the current competitors. In addition, the threat of new entrance is still high even throughout strong competitive conditions that exist in the market. Finally, the threat of substitutes is high as new alternative products can satisfy the need of coffee. Tea and hot chocolate are the major players for substitutes. Buyer Analysis Nowadays, competition has become stronger than other decades. Therefore, creating a good understanding of the potential customers (Buyer Behaviour) can be a vital tool for the company to get one step ahead of the competition. According to Euromonitor (2010a), ground coffee has been punched by the instant coffee where its sales are increasingly becoming much more than ground coffee, with young people preferring the more convenient method of instant coffee. On the other hand, older people insist on the traditional ground coffee. In addition, people try to get a cup of coffee mostly from bars, restaurants and coffee shops rather than to drink at home during every season of the year, while during winter; the consumption of coffee usually has a higher demand. 3) Opportunity Statement Casson and Buckley (2010) defines opportunities as the advantageous position that products, services, raw materials and methods include in order to increase company profits in the new market. 4) Marketing Objectives Brassington and Pettit (2006) suggest that objectives are important drivers of what the companys marketing strategies must be able to achieve. Following SMART concept (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time able), Illys main business objective is to manufacture and market products in such a way as to create a value that can be continued over the long term from stakeholders (Hollensen, 2010). Another important aspect of marketing objectives is the brands reputation that the company must achieve in the new market. A smart and long-time promotion with the combination of customer satisfaction can lead to the brand awareness and to profitable sales. The company can understand the significance of loyalty where illy must build on that as without loyal customers the company would not exist. As a consequence of customer loyalty, customers are willing to buy more from the same brand/company. Therefore, the company must be prepared to establish a wide range of coffee ground selections (MindTools, 2009). In addition, illy must manage to maintain its promise to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its potential markets.

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Essay

An Annotation of Emily Dickinson's I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Emily Dickinson's poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" is centralized on the events of death and is spoken through the voice of the dying person. The poem explores both the meaning of life and death through the speaker and the significant incidents at the time of near death that the speaker notices. Many of Dickinson's poems contain a theme of death that searches to find meaning and the ability to cope with the inevitable. This poem is no exception to this traditional Dickinson theme; however its unusual comparisons and language about death set it apart from how one would view a typically tragic event. I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died by Emily Dickinson I heard a fly buzz - when I died - The Stillness in the Room Was like the Stillness in the Air - Between the Heaves of Storm - The Eyes around - had wrung them dry - And Breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset - when the King Be witnessed - in the Room - I willed my Keepsakes - Signed away What portion of me be Assignable - and then it was There interposed a Fly - With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light - and me - And then the Windows failed - and then I could not see to see - In this first stanza, the scene of a deathbed is set. No specifics are given about the room, the dying speaker, or the people that wait in the room for an outcome. The fly is introduced and its significance is not explained as of yet. One detail that is heavily stressed is "stillness in the room." The word stillness is repeated and compared with the calm in a storm. This suggests two things: the motionlessness of death and the anticipation of something yet to come. The calm within t... ...y examined for the beauty and grace of God. In this poem, however, the fly is a messenger to the speaker. The fly's presence both comforts and informs the speaker about death and the appreciation of life. By choosing this creature, Dickinson portrays the beauty in every living thing: even the pesky fly has a purpose and a place on earth and in life. The poem also explains what the dying is experiencing, but it strays away from describing pain and fear and concentrates on how the speaker pays close attention to those that will continue to live. The speaker hopes to leaving something significant behind other than just material goods. She also notices that in the surreal moments before death, the stillness in the room encompasses everyone and everything, including even the air that fills the room. These elements work together to expose the beauty and serenity of death.

Guys And Girls :: essays research papers

WELL here's a few reasons why guys like girls 1. They will always smell good even if its just shampoo 2. The way their heads always find the right spot on our shoulder 3. How cute they look when they sleep 4. the ease in which they fit into our arms 5. the way they kiss you and all of a sudden everything is right in the world 6. How cute they are when they eat 7. The way they take hours to get dressed but in the end makes it all worth while 8. because they are always warm even when its minus 30 out side 9. the way they look good no matter what they wear 10. the way they fish for compliments even though you both know that you think she's the most beautiful thing on this earth 11. How cute they are when they argue 12. the way her hand always finds yours 13. the way they smile 14. the way you feel when you see their name on the call ID after you just had a big fight 15. The way she says "lets not fight anymore" even though you know that an hour later you will be arguing about something 16. the way they kiss when you do something nice for them 17. The way they kiss you when you say "I love you' 18. Actually ... just the way they kiss you... 19. the way they fall into your arms when they cry 20. then the way they apologize for crying over something that silly 21. The way they hit you and expect it to hurt 22. Then the way apologize when it does hurt . (even though we don't admit it)! 23. the way they say "I miss you" 24. the way you miss them 25. the way their tears make you want to change the world so that it doesn't hurt her anymore.....Yet regardless if you love them, hate them, wish they would die or know that you would die without them ... it matters not. Because once in your life,

Ernest Hemingway Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest writers of the century. He was born at the close of the old century but was able to see the Disorders of the new century. Hemingway was marvelous in bringing about his pictorial effects for his readers even in his drunken state. Hemingway was skilled in the way he presented the â€Å"real† and â€Å"concrete† to be the first essentials in his writing. He put life back on the page so that we could see the grim reality of the truth. Hemingway’s style brought minute details to the surface so that the readers would understand his meanings. In the stories that I have chosen the critics have analyzed the story. In this paper I intend to prove that Ernest Hemingways writing in â€Å"Soldiers Home† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† influenced American writing styles through Symbols, Themes and writing techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In several of Hemingway’s short stories, he uses one or more animals as symbols around which the story revolves. As central symbols, Hemingway’s animals are the manifestations of the psychological states and emotional desire of the main characters in the stories. He uses the symbols to enable the reader to comprehend the often not stated psychological forces that motivates them. Hemingway’s use of symbolism is a contribution to the richness of his characters. It provides the reader with a vehicle through which they can associate. Without them the stories would lose much of their color and clarity. In the short story â€Å"Soldiers Home,† Majorie Smelstor said â€Å" the title of this story suggests a familiar American landmark and symbol, The soldier’s home, a place for retired military to live and relive their war experiencesâ€Å" In this tale, however, the soldier’s home is neither a haven for ex-soldiers nor an envir onment for reminiscing† (MaGill 2170). Another symbol is the lies that Kerb lives with every day. Marjorie Smelstor said â€Å"For the townspeople do not want to hear the truth about the atrocities of battle, preferring, instead, lies about the heroics of war† (MaGill 2170). Marjorie Smelstor said In the end of the story â€Å"Mrs. Kerb’s reasserts her maternal role, reminding her son that she held him next to her heart when he was a tiny baby, Reducing kerb’s to the juvenile lie:† â€Å"I know, mummy†¦ I’ll try and be a good boy for you† (MaGill 2171).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ise† is a cleansing drink. It has a seed that aids in expelling gas from the alimentary canal to relieve colic. Colic is a paroxysm of abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ. The American orders this drink for him and the girl. â€Å"This clearly shows you that the conflict and lack of communication between the two of them† (Passey 33). The answer is still unresolved and the girl must choose between the man and the baby. At the end of the story the reader is not sure of the girl's decision. Hemingway left the end of the story unresolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his life time Ernest Hemingway enjoyed tremendous success as a writer. His ability to describe a story in detail was his best talent. On the two stories, Ernest showed his unique ability of story telling. Hemingway was very clever in using Symbols to bring his characters to life. Hemingway wrote many of war stories but was never a soldier. He just had the talent of looking at life and writing it down in a symbolic way. Most all the critics come up with the conclusion that Hemingway was truly talented. He influenced other American writers with his style, symbols, themes and technique.

12 Step

12-Step/Mutual Support Group Meeting Directions and Requirements Read Chapter 10 in advance of attending the meeting. 1. Students should choose the type of meeting they wish to attend: Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, Reformers Unanimous etc. Look in Chapter 10 for a list of others. Often these meetings are held at churches, shelters, and helping agencies. They are offered at various times of the day and multiple times each week. Rocky Mount has some really great AA and NA groups but you may attend anywhere you choose. 2. Go online for a meeting schedule for your area.Google the meeting type and then your county/town for a full listing. 3. Choose an OPEN (O) or Open Speaker (OS or Sp) meeting to attend. Do NOT attend a CLOSED meeting as they are for members only. 4. Do NOT take notes or attempt in any way to record the meeting; you are there to observe. Taking notes has the potential to violate the anonymous nature of these group fellowships. Recording the meeting is a violation of privacy and law! 5. Be respectful by identifying yourself by first name only and as a visitor or by saying you are there to learn about the program if asked. . You are there to OBSERVE, so do not attempt to interview members of the fellowship. Attend the meeting and experience what the members offer through sharing. Stay for the entire meeting. 7. ————————————————- After the meeting, privately jot down some immediate thoughts and reactions to what you observed and learned. Use first names ONLY if you recount a members story. ————————————————- ————————————————- These meetings usually have light refreshments (coffee, cookies , etc. . Also, many of the fellowships are self-supporting, so a basket may be passed around at the end of the meeting to collect $1 from members. You may contribute $1 if you choose to, but you are not expected to do so since you are not a member. Simply pass the basket to the next person. Out of respect for the meeting process, please avoid getting up or moving around during the meeting (as in going to the bathroom, etc). Although I think the experience is more meaningful when students attend alone, you may elect to go with one nother person. Please do not attend in small groups which will only draw attention to yourselves and create a spectacle. At all times be mindful that you are entering a safe and sacred space for those who suffer from addiction. Meetings often begin and end with a prayer. If you are not comfortable joining in the group prayer, feel free to simply remain silent. In preparing the paper for submission you will need to address the following: 1. What were your th oughts, feelings, preconceived notions prior to attending the meeting. 2.Describe the demographics of the fellowship: race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), gender, age, etc. 3. Describe the atmosphere of the fellowship, the meeting dynamics, and the group norms. How did the meeting progress? 4. Detail what you learned about those with chemical dependency, addiction, yourself, and your community through this event. What surprised you or impressed you? 5. How will your work as a social work practitioner or human service worker be impacted by what you have learned about 12-Step / Mutual Support Groups?Required: TNR 12 font, in-text references from the textbook with a reference page, and 4-6 pages of reflection and analysis tying back the experience of the meeting with the learning from the textbook and course. Upload the file in the DF in Moodle or email the Word document as an attachment through the student email account before the deadline. Late Policy applies to this assignme nt, so please submit it before the due date and time to insure the most points possible! Consult Moodle and the Course Outline for the deadline.

An Overview Of The Spartan History History Essay

Sparta has long been an interesting society to people in modern times and to those populating when Sparta was a dominate power in Greece. Their society, Torahs and military art made those around them uncomfortable, interested and outraged. Some Grecian provinces saw Sparta as an ideal community and others saw it as a baleful force. Sparta managed to accomplish great power in Greece under the Torahs of Lycurgus and their ability to implement them in every item of Spartan life. There are several factors that helped do it possible but Sparta managed to accomplish an equal society based on their citizen ‘s trueness to the province. The preparation of male Spartan citizens was a â€Å" rough subject that transformed male childs into soldiers who were incarnations of bravery, virtuousness, and obeisance. †[ 1 ]All facets of Spartan history led to its success and power in Greece but their military might was the centre of their authorization. Everything from the fables of their ascendants, to the enforcement and credence of Lycurgus ‘ Torahs, to their military laterality gave Sparta the ideal community of domination and prestigiousness. Sparta was wholly alone from all other provinces in Greece during its clip. Spartan history began long before the initiation of Sparta as a metropolis. They based their heritage off of a fable that said they were dead persons of Hercules. The fable states that their first leaders were the great grandsons of Hercules, who had been forced to go forth Laconia and seek safety. The inheritors were determined to take back what belonged to them and they sought advice from the prophet of Delphi. They asked the prophet if they could retrieve the lands that truly belonged to them. The prophet told them they would be able to recover their lands after three crops. In clip, the Heraclids found that three crops meant three coevalss, non three seasons and they settled down and waited for that twenty-four hours to come. The clip finally came and Hercules ‘ descendants became masters. Afterwards, the Peloponnesus was split between the new leaders. Twin brothers, Procles and Eurysthenes, received Laconia and at that place they began the society that would go one of the most powerful Grecian provinces of its clip. The narrative was passed down through coevalss and gave them claim to their descent and rightful topographic point in Greece. This claim justified their coup d'etat of Grecian parts and people. It besides gave them the belief that they were kin to the Gods and their Godhead power. Throughout Spartan history, it is easy to see that they relied to a great extent on their beliefs and in their faith. These ideas are even reflected in the fable of their decent. The myth contributed to the Spartan attitude of power and justification for their high quality. There is non much information on early Sparta and what small there is historiographers speculate about. The paperss that are available can non be seen as wholly dependable ; nevertheless, it is known that Sparta did non get down as a dominate province in Greece but became one because they believed district in Laconia was truly theirs. In the beginning, the Spartans or Dorian ‘s were originally thought to be pastoral people that invaded Laconia. It is of import to cognize that although they were herders in a sense, they were non unagitated, docile people. The mobile Spartans should be thought of as work forces that had â€Å" blood feuds, king of beasts Hunts, lodger wars and stole adult females. †[ 2 ]These work forces took over Laconia, led by the duplicate male monarchs. The colony of the herder established Sparta as a city state. This guess adheres to the fables of Spartan history. Whether this narrative was believed for justification intents or because it was the hon est belief of the citizens is ill-defined. Early on in Greece, Athens and many of the other Grecian provinces started to spread out their districts in foreign lands to supply excess infinite and resources for their citizens. Sparta did non take the same position as the other Grecian opposite numbers ; alternatively, they decided to take over the land of their neighbours. In the 8th century, the Spartans began their quest to occupy Messenia and take its citizens as slaves. Unfortunately, the Argos, a Messenian ally stopped the Spartans from occupying this country until the Argives were pulled into the Lelantine War and Messenia was no longer protected by its ally. For the following few old ages the Spartans harassed the Messenians, ne'er engaging war on them but stealing their nutrient, taking what they could and doing mayhem wherever they saw an chance. They did non make harm to the country because they believed it belong to them and did non desire to harm what was theirs. The Messenians refused to contend, which aggravated t he Spartans and made them believe about abandoning their attempts. Finally, the Spartans returned place, merely to be lead on another expedition. In clip, the war began and although there is small know about the war itself, scholars believe it was peculiarly barbarous conflict. During this war it seems that the Spartan military mentality was already present, the â€Å" Spartans fought in a disciplined mode, and the Messenians charged separately and recklessly. †[ 3 ]Despite the subject of the Spartans, they were non able to win the conflict. However, the Messenians were going desperate for supplies and they were losing their population to the Spartans. Finally the Messenians were unable to defy the Spartans and became capable to their metropolis. This first conflict proved that the Spartans were superior combatants and began a tendency that would take them to going a military force to be feared. The Messenians were now slaves to the Spartans. However, they did non bury their freedom and 39 old ages subsequently rose up in a 2nd war to free themselves. This war was more hard for Sparta than the first had been. They were about defeated by the grandsons of the work forces they had one time conquered. The blue bloods of Sparta were defeated and suffered great causalities. The Spartans feeling defeated were ready to stop the war ; nevertheless, the Spartan male monarchs called for non-aristocratic males to organize a hoplite ground forces and pushed on with the war. A general named Tyrtaeus began to present new constructs into the Spartan ground forces including award, subject, manhood and citizenship. He told the new ground forces that they were a new sort of aristocracy based off these qualities, non on land or wealth. In the interim, the Messenian Alliess were pulled into a war with the Peloponnesian powers and were no longer able to help Messenia. Once once more, the Messenia ns were no longer protected by their Alliess and knew they did non stand a opportunity against the new Spartan hoplite ground forces. They finally fell and were subjected to Spartan control. The Second Messenian war caused effects that would alter their society everlastingly. The formation of the citizen ground forces caused great internal discord. After the war, the new Spartan ground forces had created a displacement in the balance of power. The blue bloods wanted to go on with the old societal categories but the new hoplites demanded political grants. The new hoplites were in the place to demand such things and the Spartan male monarchs knew something had to be done. The male monarchs were soldiers and blue bloods and were put into a alone place to compromise with both sides. They besides knew that if they wanted to keep their places they had to do certain that their society was non ripped apart. At this point in history, Sparta introduced policies that began its transmutation to the polis that is celebrated today. Lycurgus the lawmaker was thought to be connected to â€Å" the Eurypontid royal line, therefore likely linking him with King Charillos † and had traveled around the Grecian universe detecting other societies.[ 4 ]He imagined making a society of the best citizens without green-eyed monster and inequalities. He was put in charge of reforming Sparta by the two male monarchs after the Messenian Wars. He began to implement and make Torahs for Sparta. These Torahs were forbidden to be written down but were passed down from coevalss to the following. Lycurgus changed the societal, political and household life of every Spartan. No other Grecian metropolis had dared to alter their society so drastically. There was a entire change in the manner the citizens lived their lives, how their political relations were run and the impairment of the category system. Without Ly curgus ‘ Torahs, Sparta would non hold going the society that captured the attending of so many people around them. The Torahs were unforgettable and left its permanent feeling on the universe. Lycurgus began this transmutation by composing a fundamental law for Sparta called the Rhetra and took it to the prophet of Delphi for consent. Once it was permitted he brought it to the citizens of Sparta. It was evident that this papers established â€Å" the people ‘s rights and avowal of their sovereignty. †[ 5 ]There were new signifiers of authorities, and some of the old signifiers were kept in topographic point. The two male monarchs would go on to hold power but it was limited to war and faith. They were still considered male monarchs but Sparta would non be capable to a dual-monarch any longer. The double kingship could be traced back in their fable of the laminitiss of Sparta. The double kingship was alone to Sparta but was of great benefit for many grounds. Without the constitution of two male monarchs, Sparta would non hold achieved the power it did. The two male monarchs held a alone place in society which led to the execution of new Torahs and the credence of a alteration in society. When one of the male monarchs died, a new one would be appointed. After the new male monarch was appointed, it was tradition for him to â€Å" put free any adult male of the Spartans who was a debitor to the male monarch or to the province †[ 6 ]The double male monarchs would so go on their reign and the rhythm would finally reiterate itself. The male monarchs shared a place on the Council of Elders with 28 other work forces over the age of 60. These work forces came from baronial birth and were expected to assist do determinations for society. The 3rd signifier of authorities was the assembly, which was made of all Spartan work forces over the age of 30. The assembly was the most unfastened signifier of authorities. This subdivision helped do the citizens feel that they were equal and had a say in the political relations of Sparta. The ephorate made up the concluding subdivision of authorities. These work forces were elected yearly and had to subject for reappraisal after their term was finished. There were a sum of five ephors. In the beginning, the ephors were supposed to move as trustees for the male monarchs when they were at war, but they bit by bit became the voice of the people. In the 6th century, an ephor named Chilon was elected and he would press the ephors to go peers to the male monarchs. This alteration did go on and it altered the foreign policy of Sparta. They besides held great influence over the male monarchs. They made sure that the double male monarchs did non keep scores, had the right to talk for the damos at the assembly and all right citizens that had committed incorrect behaviors. Besides, during a clip of war, two of the ephors would attach to the male monarchs to conflict. The ephorate had control over the day-to-day personal businesss of the authorities and were seen as the representatives of the people. The ephors were important in equilibrating the power of the authorities. Having the different subdivisions of authorities gave society stableness. If these subdivisions had non been implemented Sparta may non hold become such a booming society. The subdivisions were able to look into and equilibrate each other while doing the citizens feel they were on equal footings with all other citizens. Spartan society was besides divided into groups harmonizing to their birth. The first category was made of full Spartan citizens. They were given full rights under authorities, given land one time they became of age, and their kids were eligible for Spartan citizenship. Spartan work forces became professional soldiers and Spartan adult females became female parents of soldiers. It was clear in Sparta, that the responsibilities of the citizens were towards the province. Everything each member did was to assist the province win as a military power. This is expressed in a narrative about an exiled Spartan that was speaking to the Persians during the Persian War. When the Persians asked the adult male to explicate Sparta, he replied that â€Å" Spartans feared merely the jurisprudence. †[ 7 ]The Torahs of Lycurgus were followed by every citizen and were passed through each new set of Spartan soldiers and female parents. Society encouraged the ideal citizen, it is best expressed by saying that â€Å" theoretical account Spartans did non love their households ; they loved the State. †[ 8 ]In other Grecian metropoliss of this clip, personal addition amongst the blue bloods was a outstanding characteristic of society. The categories were non treated the same in any manner. Higher and lower born citizens were capable to different Torahs and were divided politically, the latter non holding any rights at all. These citizens did non hold every facet of their life dedicated to the province and went into professions based on their households. The devotedness to the province was the most of import characteristic of Spartan society. If each member of society had non taken it as their responsibility, Sparta would most decidedly non hold achieved such unbelievable power. The male population was forced into an instruction that was based off military preparation get downing at age 7. The male childs lived, Ate and slept in common houses. They were trained at a immature age to go physically and mentally obedient. They had two responsibilities that they were being trained to carry through, going soldiers and to reproduce. Spartan male childs had to be ferocious warriors and were taught that award was greater than life itself. Xenophon stated that â€Å" an honest decease is preferred to a dishonourable life. †[ 9 ]Unlike the remainder of Greece, the province supported the male child ‘s instruction and single parents had no say in how their boies would be educated. The male childs were besides taught to be tough from their military preparation. They were given really basic vesture demands, merely one adventitia a twelvemonth, little rations of nutrient and their beds were made out of reeds that were picked from manus. The male childs were bes ides encouraged to steal nutrient. If caught, the male child would be punished for non being furtive plenty. This military preparation managed to bring forth the fiercest warriors in all of Greece. During the Persian War Sparta showed its strength and award of its soldiers. King Xerxes was able to see Sparta as â€Å" a combat machine strong plenty, adept plenty and sufficiently iron-willed to drive his hosts from the effort to integrate the mainland Greeks † into Persia.[ 10 ]Spartan soldiers made the military machine run. The province gained its prestigiousness on the repute of the armed forces. The soldiers were responsible for the power, without it Sparta would non hold been seen as the absorbing topographic point we know today. At age 20, Spartan boys endured several alterations. At this clip the male childs were required to fall in a nine. If he was non admitted into a nine he was non eligible to go a full Spartan citizen. He besides became active in the military and was encouraged to take a married woman. Unlike many of the other Grecian provinces, the Spartan young person was able to pass clip together during festivals and exercising. They most likely had the luxury of cognizing their partner before their nuptials twenty-four hours. Those work forces who were known to be unmarried mans were dishonored. They were non allowed to watch the other young person ‘s exercising, take part in spiritual festivals and felt the shame from non reproducing. In a society that valued reproduction and considered it to be a precedence, it is non surprising. Another facet in Spartan society was homosexualism. The Spartan work forces were encouraged throughout their lives to organize sexual bonds with other work forces. Harmonizing to Xenaphon, Lycurgus â€Å" encouraged association between adult male and male child. †[ 11 ]In their young person, the male childs were frequently expected to take older male lovers and society encouraged these relationships. It may hold been seen as acceptable so that the work forces formed close bonds to each other and would contend harder to protect those around them. In add-on, it would non be surprising for those relationships to organize because the work forces spent more clip with their chap soldiers than their married womans, parents and kids. In contrast, Spartan adult females enjoyed a great trade of freedom, particularly compared to their opposite numbers throughout Greece. Relatively talking, they even had more freedom than their male parents, brothers and hubbies. The females besides began their instruction at the age of 7 but it was non aimed at military cognition. Alternatively, they were taught to go ideal female parents for Spartan soldiers. Although they did non receive military preparation, they were expected to take part in physical activities and athleticss. The Spartans believed if their misss were encouraged to prosecute in physical activity their organic structures would bring forth strong kids. Some pictures even reveal misss and male childs disputing each other in athletics. One picture depicts youths â€Å" on an unfastened grassy field, four lightly clothed immature adult females confront a group of bare immature work forces, who have cast off their fundamental garments. †[ 12 ]The adult females were permitted to sing, dance and take part in festivals frequently demoing their accomplishments in one of the countries. There are besides artifacts that convince modern bookmans that Spartan adult females were involved in equestrian athleticss including, siting Equus caballuss and chariots. On top of artefacts, some of the Spartan Queens had names or monikers with equestrian significances. It is clear that adult females were involved in an array of featuring activities. There is besides grounds that they were taught to read and compose. The authors during this clip reference adult females being able to read or deducing it in some manner. The Spartan adult females were besides said to hold been encouraged to voice their ideas and sentiments. There is a narrative that Gorgo, a queen of Sparta was encouraged by her male parent to talk her head. Herodotus explains that she â€Å" advised her male parent non trust Aristagoras and Kleomenes and he followed her advice. †[ 13 ]It is evident that adult females in Sparta were far from the soundless type. This would be a immense contrast to the remainder of the Grecian adult females who were deliberately hidden from society and were expected to be seen and non heard. Spartan adult females were non expected to get married until they reached maturity which was much subsequently so other adult females in Greece. This gave them plentifulness of clip to concentrate on their instruction and go ideal Spartan f emale parents. It is sensible to believe that they were able to go comparatively educated, which would help to being seen as an anomalousness in Greece. Between age 18 and 20, like the male childs, the misss were expected to get married and get down bring forthing kids. The matrimony agreements in Sparta were non drastically different from the other Grecian traditions ; nevertheless, there were some differences in the manner they picked their spouses. Many of the Spartan young persons had been exerting together since childhood. As misss got older, the pattern of exerting in the nude served more than one intent. One ground they preformed physical activities in the nude was because vesture was known to keep and adhere the jock. Another advantage was so that the â€Å" public emanations of the maidens, and their appearance naked in their exercisings and dances, were temptations to marriage. †[ 14 ]By practising these traditions Spartan males were able to turn an fond regard to a female or happen one that caught his oculus and prosecute his involvement. At this point, the male or a representative for him would seek the permission from the miss ‘s male parent to take her manus in matrimony. If a male parent died before he had arranged his girl ‘s matrimony, she would go a patrouchoi and â€Å" inherited her male parent ‘s belongings in her ain right. †[ 15 ]After that the male monarch had the authorization to set up the miss ‘s matrimony. In add-on, the sister or girl of a coward suffered greatly for his workss. She would non hold any suers and therefore she would non be able to make what she was born to make. In a society based on bring forthing kids, it would hold been seen as immense embarrassment. After the agreements were made between a suer and his bride, matrimony came shortly after. This portion of Spartan matrimony was nil like the remainder of Greece. The groom would nobble the bride in an aggressive mode and take her to a room where she would be prepared for her nuptials dark. One ground for the snatch alternatively of a expansive ceremonial would be to guard off evil liquors. This ritual would non pull attending to the matrimony, maintaining it concealed. Following, the maid of honor would come in the room and shave the bride ‘s hair. This was used as a symbol for Spartan society to see. The brides shaved caput signaled her transition from a bachelor girl to a married woman, the beginning of her new life and her credence as a full Spartan citizen. Then, the maid of honor would dress the bride in work forces ‘s vesture so she would wait for her groom. There were a few grounds why this tradition may hold existed. One ground may hold been to assist the hubby p assage from a homosexual relationship to a heterosexual relationship. The belief would hold been that the adult females looked similar to a adult male and hence, he would experience more comfy consummating their matrimony. However, the usage may hold started so that the evil oculus would non cognize she was a bride or it could hold had another spiritual significance. After the twosome had done their Spartan responsibility, the hubby would mouse out and return to his barracks. From the clip they were married until the clip the hubby was 30, the twosome would go on with their separate lives, seldom seeing each other. Couples were deliberately unbroken apart, as it was seen as an embarrassment for a hubby to be caught sing his married woman. Lycurgus implemented this societal criterion because he believed if the twosome was kept apart, they would go on to crave for one another. This in bend would promote sexual intercourse between them when the twosome did see each other doing it more likely to gestate kids. Other grounds Spartan twosomes may hold been kept apart is so they would hold â€Å" continual exercising over their egos control † or so they would see each other as sexual spouses aimed at reproducing instead than organizing an fond regard based on emotions.[ 16 ]All of these imposts were merely practiced in Sparta. In all other Grecian metropoliss, matrimony traditions were more traditional compared to today ‘s criterions. Lycurgus besides implemented a jurisprudence that had an impact on matrimony and society as a whole. He wanted to free Sparta of green-eyed monster in every facet of life. He had already created a society of equal land, taken wealth from the metropolis and required that all the males eat the same nutrient and slumber in the same topographic points. To take green-eyed monster out of relationships, Lycurgus eliminated adultery as a societal negative. In Spartan society, work forces and adult females were able to bring forth kids with other citizens every bit long as they had their partners consent. Throughout Greece, criminal conversation by adult females was seen as an discourtesy punishable by decease in some metropoliss. In some instances, work forces could acquire away with criminal conversation but kids born from these personal businesss were non legitimate. In Sparta, work forces were permitted to happen a adult female from a good household that already had several kids and inqui re permission from her hubby to hold kids with her. In add-on, if a adult male could non hold kids or was older and married to a younger adult female, he could seek out a immature adult male that was seen as honest and brave and inquire him to hold kids with his married woman. This was non uncommon in society and was seen as a manner in guarantee population growing. Besides, Spartan kids were seen as portion of the province and were disciplined by the community. The male parent did non make up one's mind how the kid would be raised or take on a fiscal load for him. These factors made it easier for several spouses to hold kids without complications. In contrast, most other Grecian poleis ‘ kids would be disciplined and educated by their male parents. If the household was affluent the household could afford a coach and a good instruction. The community did non take duty for kids at all. In Sparta, holding multiple spouses besides reinforced the adult female ‘s responsibili ty to Spartan society. She would so be responsible for multiple families and more kids. This would hold been an award and privilege to a Spartan adult female. While other Grecian adult females boasted about their weaving, Spartan adult females â€Å" found award in raising good behaved kids † .[ 17 ]Spartan adult females dutifully contributed to society in the manner they were expected to. The Spartan province made it clear that reproduction was one of their top precedences. A adult female ‘s duty to reproduce kids was seen as â€Å" a acknowledgment of the adult female ‘s indispensable function her childbirth was accorded equal public position with her warrior hubby ‘s combat in conflict. †[ 18 ]They forced exhilaration between new twosomes, allowed criminal conversation and primed their girls to happen maternity as an award and responsibility. In add-on, the province rewarded those with multiple boies. They rewarded male parents that had 3 boies by pardoning them from fort responsibility and those who had 5 boies from fiscal duties to the province. However, with the rarity of soldierly meetings, it is extr emely improbable that many twosomes were able to bring forth that many boies. Womans who raised good Spartan boies enjoyed prestigiousness in society and those who died in childbearing were honored. Although society was based on reproduction, some adult females were sterile. Despite the accent and importance put on reproduction, these adult females were non shunned like the work forces that were proven cowards or unmarried mans. Nowhere in Greece was reproduction held to such high criterions. In Athenian society in can be argued that the adult females were domestic slaves for their hubbies. Their responsibility was to their family, which included raising the kids but it was non seen as an honest act. It was expected that they would raise their kids but would non have acknowledgment for being a female parent of an ideal citizen. It is besides likely that female parents in Sparta were closer to their girls than their boies. Whether on intent or merely a effect, it seems that Spartan female parents did non bond with their boies. This is partially due to the pattern of infanticide which created a separation automatically between a female parent and her boy. This took away the initial clip when a female parent and her babe bonds. Then their boies were taken off from them at 7 old ages old which farther caused a withdrawal. The last cause for such separation could be explained with the societal attitude towards decease. Death was seen as a responsibility and award. Spartan female parents knew that their boies would travel to war on a regular basis and that their greatest award would be to decease in true Spartan manner. Although all of these grounds were factors, it is most likely a merchandise of separation from a immature age. Fathers were much like their boies and did non pass much clip at place until really t ardily in their life. In bend, male parents were non involved in their kids ‘s lives. In the remainder of Greece, female parents and male parents would hold been able to pass more clip with their kids, particularly the female parent. A female parent from another Grecian metropolis would hold been confined to the house and her boy would hold been at place with her. If anything, she would hold been less affiliated to her girl because her girl would hold been married at a comparatively immature age about 13 or 14, giving her less clip compared to Spartan girls that would be with their households into her late teens or early mid-twentiess. The male parent would hold besides been home more frequently than the Spartan male parent. Although he might hold traveled for concern or be working outside the place, he would still pass more clip with his household than his Spartan opposite number. All in all, Spartan households would hold been drastically different from the remainder of Greec e. The following category that was in Sparta was the perioeci. They were non full citizens but enjoyed a life of freedom and prosperity. This category was made of largely Lacedaemonians who â€Å" lacked the right and duties of Spartiates, viz. entree to common musss, attending in the assembly, and election to any Spartan office. †[ 19 ]Despite their exclusion from Spartan rights and authorities, the perioeci enjoyed comparative wealth within Spartan society. Spartans did non go except for conflict and they did non let many visitants. They wanted to sequester themselves from the outside universe ; in bend, the perioeci benefitted greatly in affairs of trade. They besides benefitted from Sparta ‘s deficiency of involvement in doing goods. They would carry through the Spartans material demands. This allowed the perioeci to derive financially from the Spartan citizens. It seems that the perioeci were really loyal to Sparta and indentified with the Spartans and even saw themsel ves like their opposite numbers. The two groups were likewise in many ways and it was difficult to separate them apart, particularly in the ulterior periods of Spartan history when the perioeci fought in the Spartan ground forces. In other countries of Greece, aliens moved to different metropoliss, particularly Athens, to prosecute a better life. These citizens did non profit off of society like the perioeci because the other parts of Greece were comparatively unfastened to outside influences and enjoyed imported merchandises. Besides, adult females in other parts of Greece were highly domestic with allowed them to do and take pride in bring forthing domestic goods. In bend, the aliens did non profit from the domestic market. Spartans deficiency of domestic work and foreign imports created the perfect clime for the perioeci that was non enjoyed anyplace else in the Grecian universe. The last facet of society were the serfs. The Messenian Wars achieved many Spartan ends including more land, resources and a group of people to make their agricultural and domestic work. The Messenians were forced into bondage and became lasting serfs for the province. It is of import to cognize that the serfs were non slaves for one individual or family but were bound to the province in ageless servitude. They had no rights and worked for the Spartan province. The serfs ran the farms and the places of Spartan citizens, which allowed the citizens to concentrate on their military and child raising. The serfs besides produced an income that helped the Spartan citizens pay their revenue enhancements to the province. The serf population was the chief ground that Sparta could be an entirely military tally province. There are many differences between the serfs in Sparta and the slaves in other Grecian parts. The first being, that other Grecian city states seldom took other Greeks as their slaves. The other societies believed that foreign races were inferior to them hence, tantrum to be slaves. Besides, the slaves in other societies were owned by persons and the society as a whole did non depend on them to make all of their work. The slaves were seen as retainers instead than lasting workers. Religion in Sparta was really evident and was seen as a manner to warrant parts of their society. They were an highly superstitious society and were known to detain or decline to travel to war because of spiritual festivals. They would non prorogue or travel them, even when the menace was on their doorsill. The soldiers were given leave during festival times and they were respectful of other provinces spiritual festivals. Spartan citizens were taught to follow the regulations in all facets of society, and that did non differ with their faith. They were orderly in their mundane lives and that besides continued into their festivals. They used their myth about their beginnings to advance their decent from Hercules and their ties to the divinities. They continued to follow their ascendant ‘s beliefs and sought advice from the prophets. It is clear that the Spartans believed the prophets spoke with the Gods. The boies and great grandsons confided in the Oracles, Lycurgus validated h is Torahs through them which finally gained the blessing of society as a whole and the Spartan male monarchs frequently looked to them for advice and blessing in societal and military issues. No other Grecian province was as terrible about their spiritual beliefs. Cults were besides a portion of Spartan society. Many of the cults honored Apollo because he was most closely associated with the Dorian ‘s, or Athena the frequenter goddess of Sparta. The cult of Amyclae, dedicated to Hyacinth, helped to explicate the relationship between the older and younger Spartan soldiers. There is a myth that Hyacinth was a beautiful male child that Apollo was in love with but one twenty-four hours they were playing discs and a disc that Apollo threw hit Hyacinth in the caput and he killed him. The Spartans may hold found the relationships between soldiers acceptable because Apollo, their closest God engaged in similar behaviour. The Hyacinthia was a 3 twenty-four hours festival celebrated in Hyacinth ‘s award. Female Spartans besides had many cults, they honored Dionysis, Eileithyia, Helen and Artemis. Artemis was the goddess of nature and animate beings. They believed she had influence over the destiny of kids. They believed she directed the kids down the right way and helped in their lives. Spartan misss went yearly to dance entirely in award of her at the Caryae. The Carneia and Gymnopaediae festivals were celebrated yearly in Sparta every bit good. During the festivals, work forces and adult females would finish in athletic events including, pes racing and chariot racing. The adult females would dance and sing along with some work forces. The adult females besides weaved vesture and gifts for the divinities for the festivals. Womans in Sparta did non usually do domestic work such as weaving ; nevertheless, faith was an of import portion of their life. It was the citizen ‘s responsibility to weave these garments and the serfs, who usually did the weaving, were non allowed to do them. In contrast, other Grecian adult females participated as priestesses but most rebelliously were non involved in athleticss or public festivals. Religion besides played a major function in war. The Spartan ground forces was non dispatched to the Battle of Marathon because of the Carneia. Besides, before a conflict, the male monarch would execute a forfeit in the presences of the ephors, generals and company commanding officers right â€Å" before morning to prevent the Gods † .[ 20 ]The leaders would so seek and look for portents in the bowels. If the portents were good, the conflict would travel away every bit planned but if they saw bad portents, they would detain or abandon the conflict. The Spartans were continuously involved in wars, partially because the Grecian city states frequently fought each other and foreign encroachers, but besides because they had based their full society on going the greatest military power in Greece. During the 2nd Messenian War, Sparta began to demo their accomplishment in conflict with the execution of the hoplite ground forces. The Spartan citizens showed that they were capable of going skilled and disciplined soldiers. After the Messenian Wars were over, the soldiers forced a alteration in society that propelled their way towards military domination and their boies embraced the new reforms wholeheartedly. Lycurgus ‘ reforms non merely trained every male citizen to be a ferocious warrior but they besides supplied all male citizens with armour and arms. The Spartan work forces had learned to populate with small nutrient and vesture, in the cold and had been taught to contend as one. Contending was their profession and their enemies knew it. No other metropolis in Greece could tout about this sort of military power on land. The other provinces were non able to deviate their energy and resources into the military or do their society centered on it. Even Athens, their chief challenger, was non able to bring forth an ground forces like theirs ; although, they were able to organize the most powerful naval force in Greece. Again, a difference between Sparta and Athens was that Sparta forced this alteration about by themselves ; although, they would non hold been able to make it without the pericoeli and serfs. Athens was able to make its navy because of testimonial from other Grecian pr ovinces but could non hold achieved their end without trusting on other Grecian provinces to supply the agencies. Sparta was a alone society, separate in about every manner from the other Grecian provinces. They were able to transform their society into a strictly military province, centered on the strength of all their citizens, including the adult females. They besides accomplished a trueness so great that a adult male would give himself, believing that it was his award and responsibility to make so. No other Grecian province achieved a similar society that involved all parts of the province working towards a common end. This helped them to go one of the most dominate provinces during the 6th century in Greece ; nevertheless, it besides aided to their eventual death. Even though Sparta did non last through the ages, they left rather an feeling on the people around them that carried over to our captivation of them today. Sparta will go on to perplex and astonish people because of their alone and interesting society.